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Through his Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices he made invaluable contributions to the field of engineering. Instruction at the House of Wisdom included rhetoric logic, metaphysics, theology, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, physics, biology, medicine, and surgery, as documented by Artz. In 1258, the Mongol army ransacked the city of Baghdad and threw such a great number of manuscripts into the river Tigris that the waters ran black with ink.
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Islam has it’s terrible followers too, and we cannot afford to be blind to the writings they follow !!! The current conducted research has a very original contribution since previous studies on the House of wisdom have only dealt with historical backgrounds of some libraries. The paper contributes in highlighting the extent of creativity for authors that had flourished due to the House of wisdom in which book authoring took a very progressive trend. It also adds new historical and factual contribution to studies on the administrative and managerial aspects and the way they function in the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah) that was later assimilated by several libraries in the Muslim world.
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In Arabic, the term bayt (house) refers to a “covered space”, contrary to dar which refers to a complex comprising several bayt. Rashid was keen to make Baghdad a centre of intellectual growth and discovery and a flourishing home of the arts. It is said that within its walls, the theologian, Al Jahiz, wrote his pioneering work, The Book of Animals, and that Ali ibn Isa al and Khalid ibn Abd al-Malik obtained a measurement that enabled astronomers to calculate the circumference of the Earth. We’re the only Pop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. It should not come as a surprise the implementation of new technological developments since the House of Wisdom was open to a great diversity of cultures and ideas.
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He’d had a hard time holding onto his faith after the horrors he’d witnessed, and hadn’t kept mitzvos since his childhood. Eventually, we gave up on trying to get into the official facilities, and instead, searched for elderly people living at home. We were their only visitors in a world gone silent, and they treasured each moment of our interactions. We’d been sent to visit hospitals and nursing homes, but they had strict regulations that prohibited any non-essential visitors. They wouldn’t even let us send food and care packages in, since at that time, it was widely believed that the virus could be passed through objects.
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The Abbasid library had preserved the knowledge and heritage of the ancient civilizations and it passed them to the west with a remarkable contributions, the latter has utilized some of the Abbasid period unprecedented discoveries to flourish and modernize. The House of Wisdom has played a distinguished role in the history of the Middle Ages for it was a bridge that transmitted the ancient civilizations including the Islamic one to the west, as it was the departure of modern sciences. Historians have a major consent that thanks to the house of wisdom and other similar schools and libraries, the continuity of human civilization was preserved after the fall of Greek and Roman civilizations.
By the thirteenth century, Baghdad had thirty-six libraries and a 100 book dealers, some of whom were also publishers. The concept of a library catalog dates back to this period; books in these libraries were organized under specific genres and categories. The father of Arabic prose, he translated and adapted a wealth of works from Persian, including his renowned Kalila wa Dimna, an adaptation of the ancient Indian collection of tales and fables Panchatantra, which would inspire the 17th-century French poet Jean de La Fontaine centuries later. Additionally, each of the translations was annotated by scholars from the field in an effort to explain the sciences to the general public. The Abbasid caliphs’ appetite for knowledge was such that an entire body of classical scientific literature - including works by Aristotle, the Greek physician Galen and the Indian surgeon Sushruta - was translated into Arabic, thanks to the House of Wisdom.
Golden Age Scholars
Note that these works would later become standard textbooks of medicine during the Renaissance. With all other libraries in Baghdad, the House of Wisdom was destroyed by the army of Hulagu during the Siege of Baghdad. The books from Baghdad’s libraries were thrown into the Tigris River in such quantities that the river ran black with the ink from the books. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi rescued about 400,000 manuscripts which he took to Maragheh before the siege.
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The family of the last Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta’sim, as well as thousands of the city’s inhabitants, were slaughtered, and the extensive collection of books and manuscripts at the House of Wisdom were thrown into the Tigris. It is said that for days afterwards the river ran black with the ink of books and red with the blood of scholars. It was a tragic ending for one of the most advanced, diverse and progressive cities of the age, and an ending from which it would take Baghdad centuries to recover. Following his predecessors, al-Ma'mun would send expeditions of scholars from the House of Wisdom to collect texts from foreign lands. In fact, one of the directors of the House was sent to Constantinople with this purpose.
House of Wisdom: Inventions in the Islamic Golden Age
But the great humanist also advanced the frontiers of knowledge by commissioning the translation of his trove of literary and scientific works into Arabic. What was now known as Bayt al-Hikmah (the House of Wisdom) soon attracted scholars from far and wide, and rapidly expanded to include a translation house, an observatory, and accommodations for visiting scholars. Before that decision, the works were exclusively reserved for court scholars, however now the library could be accessed by general public. The eighth-century mathematician al-Khwarizmi (who introduced what later came to be known as Arabic numerals), the astronomer Yahya ibn Abi Mansurh, the philosopher al-Kindi, and the mystic al-Hallaj, were all regular patrons of the library. Bayt al-Hikmah, royal library maintained by the Abbasid caliphs during their reign in Baghdad. At Ancient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings.
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The pursuit of knowledge became a dominant feature of Abbasid society, attracting scholars and scientists from all over Europe and the Middle East to take part in this cultural birthing, including Persians and Christians. Scholarly work, particularly translation, became a hugely lucrative career, and some scholars such as Hunayn ibn Ishaq were said to earn the weight in gold of each manuscript they completed. The stars and planets were perceived to influence events on earth and astrology was thus carried out with the greatest attention to detail.Al-Mamun had an astronomical observatory built with the intention of addressing the claims of one of the most dominant voices in the ancient world, Ptolemy. Better-known after its translation as the Almagest, the text initiated a flurry of research and commentary at the House of Wisdom which would last for centuries. It was in 1258 that the accomplishments of the House of Wisdom and the Islamic Golden Age were brought to a cruel halt. During the Mongol invasion of Baghdad under Hulegn, grandson of Genghis Khan, the mosques, libraries, homes and hospitals of the great city were all destroyed.
From its establishment in the 8th century by the Abbasid Dynasty, Baghdad became a scientific and cultural intellectual center at the heart of scientific development and innovation. Some modern day objects that we take for granted, such as the camera, soap, watches, and cologne trace their roots back to this era. Inventions by scholars of the time also laid the foundations for technologies – such as windmills and robotics – that now define modern life.
Here you’ll find a brief overview of Baghdad’s House of Wisdom, its key scholars, and a summary of our free-to-use lesson plan developed in conjunction with the University of Chicago’s Center for Middle Eastern studies. The libraries that have flourished following the example of the house of wisdom's have had their doors open to scholars from all over the world. Libraries have had almost the same kind of translated books that were culled from scholarships of dozen languages. The house wisdom was a center of knowledge and education, it was a rival of the Constantinople's if it did not exceed it. It was the model for other libraries and similar institutions throughout the soils of Islamic civilization.
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